Manganese plays important role in the Southern Ocean | Polarjournal
Phytoplankton is the actual food base in the Southern Ocean and all other oceans. The microscopic organisms carry out photosynthesis and require various nutrients for their growth. One of them is manganese. Image: Bank Beszteri, from “Polar Plankton” (Biol. Uns. Zeit (2020) 1/50

The Southern Ocean around Antarctica is one of the key regions for understanding the climate system. The photosynthesis-performing plankton there contribute significantly to controlling the carbon dioxide concentration in the atmosphere. But which factors favor or limit plankton growth? In the journal Nature Communications, researchers at GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel have now published a study showing for the first time that, in addition to the micronutrient iron, manganese can play an important role. Among other things, the results have implications for understanding ice ages in the past.

The term plankton describes usually very small organisms that drift with the currents in the seas and oceans. Despite their small size, they play an important role for our planet due to their immense quantity. Photosynthesizing plankton, known as phytoplankton, for example, produce half of the oxygen in the atmosphere while binding huge amounts of carbon dioxide (CO2). Since the Southern Ocean around Antarctica is very rich in nutrients, phytoplankton can thrive there. It is therefore a key region for controlling atmospheric CO2 concentrations.

On a research cruise through the Drake Passage, the research group examined water samples from different areas. This showed that iron in the shelf areas (red) and manganese in the open ocean (yellow) were the growth-limiting factors. Picture: Michael Wenger

As other nutrients are abundant, scientists have so far assumed that the amount of the available “micronutrient” iron determines how well phytoplankton thrives or not in the Southern Ocean. Researchers from GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel and the UK’s National Oceanography Center have now published a study in the international journal Nature Communications showing for the first time that in some areas of the Southern Ocean, manganese, not iron, is the limiting factor for phytoplankton growth. “This is an important finding for our ability to assess future changes, but also to better understand phytoplankton in the past,” says Dr. Thomas J. Browning of GEOMAR, lead author of the study.

Earlier research suggests that greater phytoplankton growth in the Southern Ocean was a key contributor to the onset of the ice ages over the past 2.58 million years. More phytoplankton was able to bind more CO2, which was removed from the atmosphere. As a result, average global temperatures further declined. “So it’s critical that we understand exactly what processes regulate phytoplankton growth in the Southern Ocean,” Dr. Browning points out. Indeed, along with iron, manganese is another essential “micronutrient” required by every photosynthetic organism, from algae to oak trees. In most of the ocean, however, enough manganese is available to phytoplankton that it does not limit its growth.

On board the British research vessel RRS James Clark Ross, the researchers investigated the Drake Passage and also experienced the stormy side of the waterway. The scientists also had to do some of the work on board. Image: M.Dibb

Measurements in remote regions of the Southern Ocean, on the other hand, have shown much lower manganese concentrations. During an expedition on the British research vessel RRS JAMES CLARK ROSS through the Drake Passage between Tierra del Fuego and the Antarctic Peninsula in November 2018, Dr. Browning and his team took water samples. While still on board, they used these water samples and the phytoplankton they contained to conduct experiments on which nutrients affect growth and which do not. “In doing so, we were able to demonstrate for the first time a manganese limitation for phytoplankton growth in the center of Drake Passage. Closer to shore, iron was the limiting factor, as expected,” Dr. Browning reports.

On the seabed at great depths, manganese is found in such nodules, which are also becoming more and more sought after economically. In seawater, however, the concentrations of the substance are very low, but still sufficient to be available for plankton. At least in certain places in the ocean. Image: Koelle, own photo, CC BY-SA 3.0

After the expedition, the team used additional model calculations to assess the implications of the experimental results. Among other things, they found that manganese limitation may have been even more widespread during the ice ages than it is today. “This would make this previously unaccounted for factor a central part of understanding the ice ages,” says Dr. Browning. However, because this is the first record in a specific region of the Southern Ocean, further research is needed to better understand the geographic extent and timing of manganese limitation in the Southern Ocean. “We also still need to study what factors control manganese concentrations in seawater and how phytoplankton adapt to manganese scarcity. All of this is critical to building more accurate models of how the Earth system works,” Thomas Browning concludes.

Press release GEOMAR Kiel

Link to the study: Browning, T.J., Achterberg, E.P., Engel, A. et al. Manganese co-limitation of phytoplankton growth and major nutrient drawdown in the Southern Ocean. Nat Commun 12, 884 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-21122-6

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